Russian; ricos y pobres salen a recibirlos, rich and poor come forth to receive them; trabajan y estudian todo el alio, they work and study the whole year. 62.

2. Words ending in a consonant, except n or s, are stressed on the last syllable and need no written accent: decid la verdad al profesor, tell the teacher the truth; nos gusta correr y jugar, we like to run and play; el alguacil escribe en espafiol con rapidez, the constable writes Spanish rapidly. 63.

3. Words stressed contrary to the two above rules bear a written accent mark over the vowel of the syllable stressed: la lecciOn de inglês es facil, the English lesson is easy; el ejêrcito no estd aqui, the army is not here; el alferez corri6 a paso rapidisimo, the ensign ran very rapidly. 64.

4. Sometimes the written accent is used simply for the purpose of distinguishing words spelled and pronounced alike but which are different parts of speech. A few examples: si if, si, yes; mi, my, mi, me; que, which, who, or whom (as a relative pronoun) que, which, what; how (interrogative or exclamatory). 65.

G. NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION. Only the pro-

nunciation of Spanish that is prevalent in the region of Old Castile, Spain, has been explained in

NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION   17

the foregoing pages. This is considered the standard pronunciation among educated speakers of Spanish the world over. The reasons for teaching that pronunciation in the schools of the United States are many and sound. (They are elucidated in the author's book, Spanish in the High Schools, pages 75 and 76.) It may be added that, by general consensus of opinion, the pronunciation of Castile has been quite uniformly adopted in the schools and colleges of this country.

Especially to be recommended to the teacher of Spanish is that thorough and authoritative work of the eminent Spanish phonetician, T. Navarro Tomas, Manual de pronunciaciOn espanola, Madrid, 1918 (Publicaciones de " La Revista de Filologia Espanola ").

The beginner should from the first be trained in hearing and producing liaison or linking of words which, in Spanish as in English, results naturally from the close association of words in breath-groups and grammatical relations; also in observing and adopting the elision or dropping of one vowel or consonant when the vowel or consonant that terminates one word is identical with that which begins the following word, as in este_estudio or lossefiores, where the two vowels or two consonants thus thrown into juxtaposition coalesce in one sound. For a careful and complete discussion of the linking of words, see the Manual, above mentioned, §§ 136 to 150.

Considerable attention should likewise be paid