6z A SPANISH REFERENCE GRAMMAR

3. When the three forms mentioned in (b) are used with the preposition con they are found as conmigo, contigo, and consigo. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the force of the syllable -go (Latin cum, with, as in mecum, tecum, secum) in the old Spanish forms migo, tigo, sigo, was lost, and another cum, that is, con, was prefixed -to these old forms. 289.

4. Prepositional forms, usually with a, are often employed to make clear or emphatic direct or indirect object forms (see 26/- 263): le hable a 61, I spoke to him; a mi me gusta, I like it; los vi a ellos, I saw them. 290.

5. They are also used with de to make clear or emphatic the meaning of possessive adjectives and pronouns: su libro de 61, his book; sus casas de Vds., your houses; la mia y la (suya) de ellos, mine and theirs. See 224, 323. 291.

B. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. These are que, invariable, that, which, who, whom; quien (quienes), who, whom; el cual (la cual, los cuales, las cuales), that, which, who, whom; el que (la que, los que, las que), that, which, who, whom; lo cual or lo que, neuter, which; cuanto (-a, -os, -as), all the . . . that, as much as, as many as; cuyo (-a, -os, -as), whose, possessive relative used only adjectively (see 306-308). 292.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS   63

t. Que as subject or object may refer to either persons or things: el hombre que viene, the man who comes; el libro que tengo, the book which I have. 293.

z. After a preposition whom is expressed by quien (quienes): el hombre de quien hablamos, the man of whom we speak. 294.

3. Quien may be used to include its antecedent: quien mucho duerme, poco aprende, he who (the one who) .sleeps much learns little; hay quien le conozca ? is there anyone who knows him? 295.

4. Quien is similarly used after ser : Juan es quien lo hizo, john is the one who did it. 296.

5. El que may replace in most cases this indefinite quien : el que duerme, etc.; Juan es el que, etc. 297.

6. Quien is often used as the subject relative introducing a clause that is merely explanatory or additional, rather than essential to or restrictive of the antecedent: diO el dinero al muchacho, quien lo metiO en el bolsillo; but, di6 el dinero a un muchacho que estaba alli. 298.

7. El cual and el que may refer to either persons or things. Since they are inflected they indicate more clearly than can que or quien the antecedent. Thus, when the relative is separated from the antecedent by other