78 A SPANISH REFERENCE GRAMMAR

such verbs becomes consonant y between vowels. This occurs in the same forms as those indicated in 356. 362.

(b) In verbs ending in -giiir (in which ending the u necessarily bears the diaeresis to cause it to be pronounced after g), the diaeresis disappears in the forms in which y appears: argiiir, to argue — arguyo, arguya, arguy6, arguyese, etc. See argiiir, 44a. 363.

13. Verbs, otherwise regular, that have irregular past participles. See 45 of. .21pendice. Roto, from romper, to break, is used when the verb is transitive. In other cases rompido is used. 364.

B. KINDS OF VERBS AS TO USE.

I. Impersonal verbs. Such verbs are used only in the third person singular. 365.

(a) Haber, for there to be, is found in practically every mood and tense, but only in the third person singular: maiiana habil muchos alumnos aqui, there will be many pupils here to-morrow; ha habido varios anuncios, there have been several advertisements. 366.

a. In the present and indicative hay, not ha, is the common form: hay lodo, it is muddy; but in time expressions ha is sometimes found: muchos anos ha, many years ago. 367.

IMPERSONAL VERBS   79

2. He aqui, here is, are, is frequently attributed to haber; more likely it is a form of ver, to see, or from an Arabic word meaning behold. 368.

3. Though impersonal this verb may have a pronoun object unusually not translated: Hay tinta ? La hay. Is there any ink? There is. See 278. 369.

4. Haber + que + infinitive is used impersonally to express in a general sense an obligation: hay que confesarlo, one must confess it. See 647. 370.

(b) Verbs indicative of the weather.

1. Haber denotes weather phenomena that are visible: hay polvo, it is dusty; hubo sol (or hizo sol), it was sunny. 371.

2. Hacer is used to denote phenomena that are felt rather than seen: hace frio, it is cold; hail viento, it will be windy. See 371. 372.

3. Other impersonal verbs used to indicate weather conditions are amanecer, to dawn, anochecer, to grow dark; helar (ie), to freeze, deshelar (ie), to thaw, escampar, to stop raining, granizar, to hail, Hover (ue), to rain, lloviznar, to drizzle, nevar (ie), to snow, relampaguear, to lighten, and tronar (ue), to thunder. 373.

(c) Unclassified.   Others unclassified are